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Excel functions & formulas

Table calculations create ad-hoc metrics that are performed post query processing on the result set à la Excel or Sheets. They can build contextual metrics like percent of row or column, period over period changes, or other calculations to customize analyses or visualizations.

Excel functions can be used to create formulas that manipulate data and calculate strings and numbers. Omni's list of available functions in each category can be found below.

Preset quick-add functions

Several functions are available as quick calculations on top of numerics in the result set. Quick calculations are only available on UI-generated result sets or 'SQL Super Powers' result sets. Quick calculations are also available across pivots when active (for example, row running total).

  • % of total, % of total (row)
  • % of previous, % of previous (row)
  • % change from previous, % change from previous (row)
  • running total, running total (row)
  • rank, rank (row)

How to...

Calculate with excel functions

  1. In a workbook, navigate to the "Add a column" icon or select the three dot menu that appears on the right-hand side of a column header. Note: In order to perform a caculation, be sure that the fields (dimensions or measures) being referenced in the table calculation are selected in the workbook query.
  1. Start a new calculation from the function editor or directly in the cell. The calculation must start with an = sign. All alphabetic characters must be wrapped in double quotes, e.g. "Hello world", unless the text is referring to a specific cell or column. Single quotes are not valid strings in Omni (or Excel/Sheets).

Promote table calculations to the model

Calculations can be promoted to dimensions or measures for reuse into the workbook, then optionally into the shared model. Depending on the type of calculation some limitations will exist, i.e. calculations based on other calculations, calculations that include a range reference.

Calculate with preset quick-add functions

  1. In a workbook, select the three dot menu that appears on the right-hand side of the column header. Towards the bottom of the dropdown menu there are preset Calculations readily available to use with existing workbook results.
  1. Alternatively, the same Calculations mentioned in the previous step are available as quick icons from the function editor.

Calculate with AI

Calculations AI allows users to create table calculations with natural language inputs.

Metadata sharing

  • NO DATASET RESULTS ARE PASSED TO CHATGPT.
  • Omni only passes through the column IDs and how they map to a table i.e. {A: users.id, B:user.state, C:order.count} to Calculations AI.
  • If you would like to disable this feature, please email Omni at support@omni.co

How to use calculations AI

  1. In a workbook, navigate to the "Add a column" icon or select the three dot menu that appears on the right-hand side of a column header. Note: In order to perform a caculation, be sure that the fields (dimensions or measures) being referenced in the table calculation are selected in the workbook query.
  2. Under the new table calculation column, select the initial cell to start formula and then select the "Natural Langugage Formula".
  3. When prompted, add the desired formula in plain text. e.g. Multiply 'Order Total' with 'Order Count'

Watch a demo of the feature!

Add free-text values

  1. In a workbook, navigate to the "Add a column" icon or select the three dot menu that appears on the right-hand side of a column header. Note: In order to perform a caculation, be sure that the fields (dimensions or measures) being referenced in the table calculation are selected in the workbook query.
  2. Under the new calculation column, add free-text values in the desired cells.
  3. 💥

Watch a demo of the feature!

One way to leverage the free-text values is to cross-reference columns or cells across other tabs. Create a new column and then enter an equal sign and ` to pull up the tab names in the cell.

Excel-style functions

Calculation building blocks

Calculations consist of a handful of “primitive” types, which can be thought of as the compositional building-blocks of calculations.

String Literals

String literals are just strings, you might use string literals as arguments in a concatenation function.

example: "Hello Omni"

notes:

  • String literals must be wrapped in double quotes.

Number Literals

Number literals are just numbers.

example: 123

notes: - They can be used as function arguments or alone.

Logical Literals

These are boolean values (true or false) values.

example: TRUE or FALSE

notes:

  • They must be all caps to be valid otherwise they’ll be interpreted as a field reference.

Unary Operators / Negation

Negates a variable value.

syntax:: -value

example: -orders_sum

  • returns the negative value of the daily budget

notes:

  • Unary operators in a broad sense are operators with only a right operand.
  • In this example, the negative unary operator is used to express negation, such as “-1”.
  • The “+” operator can also be used as a unary, however we ignore it for the most part since “+1” and “1” are logically equivalent.

Cell Reference

A cell reference is a grid notation pointing to a specific cell in a data set.

example: C2

notes:

  • For example, C2 references the third column “C” and the second “2”.
  • The row can be omitted to reference the column. The column can also be referenced by name (ex: users.count)
  • Omni handles cell references by typically being in reference to the first row of data, and your calculation will be copied down to all following rows with the number changed to offset how many rows down you are.
  • For example, the calculation C1 + 10 will apply on the first row, but the second row will execute C2 + 10, the third row C3 + 10 and so on.

Cell Range Reference

A compound cell reference that describes a span between one cell and another. Cell ranges are essentially arrays of data representing a subset of a given column.

example: C1:C5

notes:

  • Cell ranges are inclusive, so C1:C5 will include the following cells [C1,C2,C3,C4,C5]

Supported functions

Functions are predefined formulas designed to make calculations on values easier.

examples:

  • SUM(1,2,3)
  • NOW()

notes:

  • They accept “arguments” which are typically one of the other kinds of primitives, for example SUM(A1,B1,100) has two cell references and a number as its arguments.
  • We aim to be compatible with Excel or Sheets wherever possible. So, oftentimes, those docs are good for fleshing out your understanding of our functions. We have a few differences which will be noted below.
  • To return a null value, use 1/0

Math functions

Binary Operators / Math

Binary operators are operators that take both a left and right operand.

example: value1 + value2

notes:

  • Expressions follow the standard order of operations. That is, the expression multiplies and divides before it adds and subtracts. You can use parentheses to clarify the expression or alter the order.
  • In the case of 1 + 2, “1” is the left operand, “+” is the binary operator and “2” is the right operand.

Supported binary operators:

  • concat: &
  • plus: +
  • minus: -
  • multiply: *
  • divide: /
  • exponentiate: ^
  • inequalities: <, <=, =, >, >=

ABS

Returns the absolute value of a number.

syntax: ABS(x)

  • x is any numeric type field or value

example: ABS(-14)

notes:

AVERAGE

Averages a list of numbers.

syntax: AVERAGE(list)

  • x is the list of numbers that can be composed of number literals (10), cell references (A1), cell ranges (B4:B9), and column references (C:C).

example: AVERAGE(1, 2, 3, 4)

notes:

CEILING

Round numbers up.

syntax: CEILING(x, <significance-optional>)

example: CEILING(A1, .05)

notes:

CORREL

Returns the correlation coefficient of the array1 and array2 cell ranges.

syntax: CORREL(array1, array2)

example: CORREL(A1:A3, B1:B3)

notes:

COUNT

Counts the number of cells that contain values in the column.

syntax: COUNT(x)

  • x is the cell references (E1), cell ranges (B4:B9), or column references (C:C).

example: COUNT(A1)

notes:

COUNTA

Counts the number of cells that are not empty.

syntax: COUNTA(x)

  • x is the cell references (E1), cell ranges (B4:B9), or column references (C:C).

example: COUNTA(A1)

COUNTIF

Counts the number of cells that contain values that meet a given criteria.

syntax: COUNTIF(cell_range, criteria)

  • cell_range – the range the criteria_argument is applied to
  • criteria – the test applied to the specified cell range

example: COUNTIF(A2:A5, A1 >= 2)

notes:

COUNTIFS

Counts the number of cells that contain values that meet given criteria; this function supports multiple criteria arguments.

syntax: COUNTIF(cell_range, criteria1, [criteria2-optional])

  • cell_range – the range the criteria is applied to
  • criteria – the test criteria applied to the specified cell range

example: COUNTIFS(A1:A5, A1 > 2, B3:B10, B1 > A1)

notes:

COVAR

Returns covariance, the average of the products of deviations. Equivalent to COVAR.S.

syntax: COVAR(array1, array2)

example: COVAR(A1:A10, B1:B10)

notes:

COVARIANCE.P

Returns covariance, the average of the products of deviations of a population

syntax: COVARIANCE.P(array1, array2)

example: COVARIANCE.P(A1:A3, B1:B3)

EXP

Returns e raised to the power of a given number.

syntax: EXP(number)

example: EXP(2)

FLOOR

Round numbers down.

syntax: FLOOR(value, [significance-optional])

  • value – a number or cell reference could be inputted here
  • significance – input an optional significance value

example: FLOOR(A1, .05)

notes:

INT

Rounds the value down to the nearest integer. Alias for FLOOR.

syntax: FLOOR(value, [significance-optional])

  • value – a number or cell reference could be inputted here
  • significance – input an optional significance value

example: FLOOR(A1, .05)

notes:

INTERCEPT

Returns the intercept of the linear regression line through data points in X and Y data points.

syntax: INTERCEPT(x_value, y_value)

  • x_value: range of values representing the x-coordinate in a linear regression
  • y_value: range of values representing the y-coordinate in a linear regression

example: INTERCEPT(A1:A100, B1:B100)

notes:

LARGE

Returns the nth largest value in a data set.

syntax: LARGE(array, k)

example: LARGE(A1:A100, 4)

LN

Returns the natural logarithm of a number.

syntax: LN(number)

example: LN(100)

LOG

Returns the logarithm of a number to the base you specify.

syntax: LOG(number, [base-optional])

example: LOG(100, 10)

notes:

LOG10

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.

syntax: LOG10(number)

example: LOG(100)

MAX

Returns the largest number in a set.

syntax: MAX(range)

example: MAX(A1:A5)

notes:

MEDIAN

Returns the median number in a set.

syntax: MEDIAN(range)

example: MEDIAN(B2:B8)

notes:

MIN

Returns the smallest number in a set.

syntax: MIN(range)

example: MIN(C1:C10)

notes:

MOD

Returns the remainder from division.

syntax: MOD(dividend, divisor)

example: MOD(10, 3)

notes:

MODE

Returns the most common number in a set.

syntax: MODE(range)

example: MODE(A1:A5)

notes:

RANK

Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers.

syntax: RANK(number, ref, [direction])

example: RANK(number, ref, [direction])

notes:

ROUND

Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

syntax: ROUND(number, [num_digits])

example: ROUND(100.1234, 2)

notes:

  • The num_digits argument is optional, and if omitted will default to 0

ROUNDDOWN

Rounds a number down, towards zero, to a specified number of digits.

syntax: ROUNDDOWN(number, [num_digits])

example: ROUNDDOWN(100.1234, 2)

notes:

  • The num_digits argument is optional, and if omitted will default to 0

ROUNDUP

Rounds a number up, away from zero, to a specified number of digits.

syntax: ROUNDUP(number, [num_digits])

example: ROUNDUP(100.1234, 2)

notes:

  • The num_digits argument is optional, and if omitted will default to 0

SLOPE

Returns the slope of the linear regression line through data points in Ys and Xs.

syntax: SLOPE(x_value, y_value)

  • x_value: The range representing the array or matrix of dependent data.
  • y_value: The range representing the array or matrix of independent data.

example:

  • SLOPE (A1:A100, D1:D100)

notes:

SMALL

Returns the nth smallest value in a data set.

syntax: SMALL(array, k)

example: SMALL(A1:A100, 4)

SQRT

Returns a positive square root

syntax: SQRT(number)

example: SQRT(100)

STDEV

Estimates the standard deviation based on a population of values.

syntax: STDEV(value)

  • value: value can be a number, range of values or an entire column

example:

  • STDEV(A1)
  • STDEV(A1:A5)

notes:

  • STDEV function only accepts one argument.
  • If a value argument references text values, Omni will return the calculation as null.
  • For additional information, refer to the Google Sheets STDEV() function documentation. Note, there is not full parity of functionality between the STDEV function in Google Sheets and Omni.

STDEV.P

Estimates the standard deviation based on an entire population.

syntax: STDEV.P(value)

  • value: value can be a number, range of values or an entire column

example:

  • STDEV.P(A1)
  • STDEV.P(A1:A5)

notes:

  • STDEV.P function only accepts one argument.
  • If a value argument references text values, Omni will return the calculation as null.
  • For additional information, refer to the Google Sheets STDEVP() function documentation. Note, there is not full parity of functionality between the STDEV.P function in Google Sheets and Omni.

SUM

Adds all the numbers in a range of cells. Ex: SUM(A1, B1:B5, …).

syntax: SUM(range)

example: SUM(A1:A5)

notes:

SUMIF

Adds the cells specified by a given criteria. SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]).

syntax: SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range-optional])

example: SUMIF(B2:B8, B2 > 5, C2:C8)

notes:

SUMIFS

Adds the cells specified by a given criteria. SUMIFS(range, criteria, [sum_range]).

syntax: SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ... )

example: SUMIF(B2:B8, C2:C8, B2 > 5)

notes:

SUMPRODUCT

Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components. Ex: SUMPRODUCT(A1:A5, B:B, ...).

syntax: SUMPRODUCT(range1, range2, ...)

example: SUMPRODUCT(A1:A5, B1:B5)

notes:

TRUNC

Truncates a number to an integer. Alias for FLOOR.

syntax: TRUNC(number)

example: TRUNC(8.9)

notes:

VALUE

Converts a text argument to a number.

syntax: VALUE(text)

example: VALUE("123")

notes:

VAR

Calculates the variance based on a sample of values.

syntax: VAR(value)

  • value: number or range of numbers

example:

  • VAR(1)
  • VAR(A1)
  • VAR(A2:A25)

notes:

  • VAR function only accepts one argument.
  • For additional information, see the Google Sheets VAR() function documentation.Note, there is not full parity of functionality between the VAR function in Google Sheets and Omni.

VAR.P

Returns the variance of a population.

syntax: VAR(number/group/column)

example:

  • VAR(1)
  • VAR(A1)
  • VAR(A2:A25)

Trig Functions

ACOS

Returns the arccosine of a number.

syntax: ACOS(number)

example: ACOS(0.5)

notes:

ATAN

Returns the Arctangent of a number.

syntax: ATAN(number)

example: ATAN(0.5)

notes:

COS

Returns the cosine of a number.

syntax: COS(number)

example: COS(45)

notes:

COT

Returns the cotangent of a number.

syntax: COT(number)

example: COT(45)

notes:

DEGREES

Converts radians to degrees.

syntax: DEGREES(radians)

example: DEGREES(1.047)

notes:

Text Functions

CHAR

Returns the character specified by a number.

syntax: CHAR(number)

example: CHAR(10)

notes:

  • Char Values follow the ASCII value mapping

CONCAT or CONCATENATE

Concatenates any number of strings.

syntax: CONCAT(string1, string2, ...)

example: CONCAT("Hello", " ", "World")

notes:

CLEAN

Returns text with the non-printable ASCII characters removed.

syntax: CLEAN(text)

  • text: text that has non-printable characters that will be removed.

example: CONCAT("Hello"&CHAR(31))

notes:

FIND

Returns the position of one string inside another.

syntax: FIND(find_text, within_text, [start_num])

example: FIND("n", "Omni")

notes:

LEFT

Returns the specified number of characters from the start of a text string.

syntax: LEFT(text, [num_chars])

example: LEFT("Hello", 3)

notes:

LEN

Returns the length of a string.

syntax: LEN(text)

example: LEN("Hello")

notes:

LOWER

Converts text to lowercase.

syntax: LOWER(text)

example: LOWER("Hello")

notes:

MID

Returns a specific number of characters from a text string starting at the position you specify.

syntax: MID(text, start_num, num_chars)

example: MID("Hello", 2, 3)

notes:

REPLACE

Replaces characters within text.

syntax: REPLACE(old_text, start_num, num_chars, new_text)

example: REPLACE("Hello", 2, 3, "i")

notes:

Returns the specified number of characters from the end of a text string.

syntax: RIGHT(text, [num_chars])

example: RIGHT("Hello", 3)

notes:

Finds one text value within another (not case-sensitive).

syntax: SEARCH(find_text, within_text, [start_num])

example: SEARCH("n", "Omni")

notes:

T

Converts its arguments to text.

syntax: T(value)

example: T(42)

notes:

Text

Formats a value based on the format code.

syntax: TEXT(value, format_code)

example: TEXT(1234, "$##,#")

notes:

TRIM

Removes all spaces from text except for single spaces between words.

syntax: TRIM(text)

example: TRIM(" Hello World ")

notes:

UPPER

Converts text to uppercase.

syntax: UPPER(text)

example: UPPER("Hello")

notes:

SUBSTITUTE

Substitutes new_text for old_text in a text string.

syntax: SUBSTITUTE(text, old_text, new_text)

example: SUBSTITUTE("Hello", "o", "i")

notes:

Date & Time Functions

DATE

Creates a date from a day, month, and year.

syntax: DATE(year, month, day)

example: DATE(2022, 12, 22)

notes:

DATEDIF

Find the difference between two dates.

syntax: DATEDIF(start_date, end_date, "unit")

example: DATEDIF(A1, B1, "M")

notes:

DAY

Return the day of the month.

syntax: DAY(date)

example: DAY("2022-12-22")

notes:

DAYS

Similar to DATEDIF. Finds the difference in days between two dates.

syntax: DAYS(start_date, end_date)

example: DAYS(A1, B1)

notes:

HOUR

Returns the hour as a number from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23 (11:00 P.M.).

syntax: HOUR(time)

example: HOUR("15:30")

notes:

MINUTE

Returns the minute as a number from 0 to 59.

syntax: MINUTE(time)

example: MINUTE("15:30")

notes:

NOW

Returns the current date and time as a date-time value.

syntax: NOW()

example: NOW()

notes:

SECOND

Returns the second as a number from 0 to 59.

syntax: SECOND()

example: SECOND()

notes:

TODAY

Returns the current date as a date value. Does not accept arguments.

syntax: TODAY()

example: TODAY()

notes:

WEEKDAY

Returns the day of the week as a number from 1 to 7.

syntax: WEEKDAY(date, [type])

example: WEEKDAY("2022-12-22", 2)

notes:

WEEKNUM

Returns the week number of a specific date.

syntax: WEEKNUM(date, [type])

example: WEEKNUM("2022-12-22", 2)

notes:

YEAR

Returns the year corresponding to a date.

syntax: YEAR(date)

example: YEAR("2022-12-22")

notes:

Logic Functions

AND

A logical AND, useful for IF statements and other logic work. It returns TRUE if all of its operands are TRUE.

syntax: AND(condition1, condition2, ...)

example: AND(A1 > 5, B1 < 10)

notes:

BITAND

Bitwise AND operator.

syntax: BITAND(value1, value2)

example: [Provide example]

notes:

BITOR

Bitwise OR operator.

syntax: BITOR(value1, value2)

example: [Provide example]

notes:

BITRSHIFT

Bitwise right shift operator.

syntax: BITRSHIFT(value, shift_amount)

example: [Provide example]

notes:

BITXOR

Bitwise XOR operator.

syntax: BITXOR(value1, value2)

example: [Provide example]

notes:

IF

An “IF” statement checks a case, and if that’s TRUE it returns the second argument. If the case is FALSE, then it returns the third argument.

syntax: IF(condition, true_value, false_value)

example: IF(A1 > 10, "big", "small")

notes:

IFNA

Returns the value you specify if the formula returns null; otherwise returns the result of the formula.

syntax: IFNA(value, default_value)

example: [Provide example]

notes:

IFS

IFS is just like an IF statement except it can have multiple conditions.

syntax: IFS(condition1, value1, condition2, value2, ..., [default_value])

example: [Provide example]

notes:

ISBLANK

Returns true if a value is blank.

syntax: ISBLANK(value)

example: [Provide example]

notes:

ISNUMBER

Returns TRUE if a value is a number.

syntax: ISNUMBER(value)

example: ISNUMBER(10)

notes:

OR

A logical OR, useful for IF statements and other logic work. It returns TRUE if one of its operands is TRUE.

syntax: OR(condition1, condition2)

example: =OR(A1 < 1, A1 > 3)

notes:

Miscellaneous Functions

RAND

Generates a random number between 0 and 1.

syntax: RAND()

example: RAND()

notes:

ROW

Returns the current row number. Omni does not support arguments/references.

syntax: ROW()

example: ROW()

Position Functions

INDEX

Returns a value or the reference to a value from an array.

syntax: INDEX(range, start_position)

  • range: the range of values to evaluate
  • start_position: the value of the position to start from to implement over the range of values

example:

  • INDEX(A2:A25, 12)

notes:

  • If you set row or column to 0, INDEX returns the array of values for the entire column or row, respectively.
  • For more examples, see Google Sheets INDEX() function documentation. Note, there is not full parity of functionality between the INDEX function in Google Sheets and Omni.

MATCH

Returns the relative position of an item in a range that matches a specified value.

syntax: MATCH(search_arg, range)

  • search_arg: the value to compare the range of values against.
  • range: one-dimensional array of values to search.

example: MATCH("Jane", A10:A25)

notes:

  • MATCH returns the relative position in an array or range of a matched value rather than the matched value itself.
  • For more examples, see Google Sheets MATCH() function documentation. Note, there is not full parity of functionality between the MATCH function in Google Sheets and Omni.

PIVOT

Returns a value from a specific pivot in the data table

PIVOTINDEX

Returns the index of the current pivot.

PIVOTOFFSET

Returns a pivot value offset from the current pivot column.

SWITCH

Evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns the result corresponding to the first matching value.

syntax: SWITCH(expression, value1, result1, [value2, result2], ...)

example: SWITCH(A1, "apple", "fruit", "banana", "fruit", "carrot", "vegetable", "unknown")

notes:

  • The SWITCH function evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns the corresponding result.
  • Values and results are provided in pairs, and the first matching pair is returned.
  • The final pair is used as a default if no matches are found.
  • For more information, see Google Sheets SWITCH() function documentation.

XLOOKUP

Allows for cross-tab analysis by searching for a value in a specified range in another query tab and returning the corresponding value within another specified range.

syntax: XLOOKUP(lookup_value, <query_tab_name>!<lookup_range>, <query_tab_name>!<return_range>)

example: XLOOKUP(C1,'State Mottos'!A:A,'State Mottos'!B:B)

This example is searching for the state column in the "State Mottos" query tab and returning the corresponding values in the "Mottos" column from that same "State Mottos" query tab into the "🌞 Query" query tab.

notes:

  • For easy reference of columns, use the Copy XLookup Reference in the field's column header's menu options.
  • The xlookup function can be performed on ranges in different query tabs within the same workbook.
  • Common use cases: time series joins across tabs, fact lookups
  • The lookup range refences must reference a full, single column like this 'State Mottos'!A:A not like 'State Mottos'!A:C or 'State Mottos'!A1:A4

VLOOKUP

Finds lookup_value in the first column of lookup_range and returns the corresponding value in the column specified by column_number in the lookup_range.

syntax: VLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_range, column_number)

example: VLOOKUP(C1,'State Mottos'!A:A, 2)

Logical Functions

Coming soon.

Text Functions

Coming soon!

Referencing Totals

Using row and column totals can be effective for more complex calculations across rows or columns indepdently. These aggregates can be referenced in calculations when they are activated for queries (using the table options menu).

  • Column total: ${users.count:column_total}
  • Row total: ${users.count:row_total}
  • Grand total (columns and rows, lower right): ${users.count:grand_total}

These can also be chained with other functions, for example a percent of row, ${users.count} * 100.0 / ${users.count:row_total}.

Calculations can also be adjusted in the table options to rename or change formatting or decimals.

Internal Functions

There are some other functions you may see in the SQL that are not meant for end user use, but help make the SQL blocks easier to parse in normal usage.

  • OMNI_PIVOT_ROW(dimensions), OMNI_PIVOT(column_limit, pivots)
    • This pair of functions will structure the pivottable experience
    • OMNI_PIVOT_ROW sets the query columns outside the pivot
    • OMNI_PIVOT set the query columns to be pivotted, along with a limit on columns
    • example:

Table Calculation Examples

Percent of Cohort - Gross Retention

Often for these calculations we need to look across a given cohort / row and understand the percentage of the group that was retained. To do calculations across pivots, we can simply use a given cell and then the context of the row or column. Below we show a few examples with ${users.count}, and we can imagine they are grouped by ${users.sign_up[month]} and ${users.months_since_sign_up}

OMNI_PIVOT_OFFSET() offers some flexibility to use moving averages or lists. Here we divide each count by the max of the row, done using a column offset 100 columns back and 200 columns wide: 1.0 * ${users.count} / MAX(OMNI_OFFSET(${users.count}, 0, -100, 1, 200))

The alternative is using row_totals for simpler calculations:

1.0  ${users.count} / ${users.count:row_total}

Right now calculations cannot be pinned to the first column, so a window function would be required for % of first value, but this will open up soon.